NECO 2023 GEOGRAPHY ESSAY (HUMAN & REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS;-ExamgrandComNg

GEOGRAPHY ESSAY (HUMAN & REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY) QUESTIONS

Answer Four Questions In All. Two From Each Section

SECTION A
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

(1a)Explain two functions each of rural and urban settlements.
(1b)Highlight four factors responsible for urban to urban migration.
(1c)State four effects of migration on the destination region.

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(2a)Write extensively on two human and physical factors cach that promote tourism.
(2b)Mention four negative effects of tourism.

(2c)In what four ways can tourism be encouraged?

(3a)Define the term industrialization.
(3bi)Discuss four factors to be considered in the location of
an industry.
(3bii)Mention two problens associated with industrial
development in Africa
(3bii) Suggest two solutions to the problems mentioned

in 3b(ii).

SECTION B
GEOGRAPHY OF NIGERIA
(4a)
Discuss the Sokoto plain under the following headings:
(ii)Relief
(ii)Climate
(il)Vegetation
(4b)Mention two characteristics of the following vegetation zones in Nigeria:
(i)Mangrove swamp forest
(ii)Rainforest vegetation
(ii)Sudan savanna

(4c)Name two states prone to desert encroachment in Nigeria.

(5)Discuss the problems of agricultural development in Nigeria
under the following:
(i)Land tenure system

(ii)Pest and diseases

=======================================(6a)Expatiate on three economic benefits of international co-operation
among the West African states.
(6b)List four problems confronting co-operation among West
Afican states
(6c)Proffer two solutions to the problems mentioned in 6(b)

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2023 NECO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS;-ExamgrandComNg

SECTION A

INSTRUCTIONS:- Answer only four questions in all, two questions from SECTION A and other two from SECTION B

(1a)

RURAL SETTLEMENTS

(i) Agriculture: Rural settlements are traditionally associated with farming, where the majority of the residents are engaged in agricultural activities including crop cultivation, animal husbandry, and other related tasks.
(ii) Natural Resource Extraction: Rural areas are also important for the extraction of natural resources. This includes activities like mining, forestry, and fishing, which are major contributors to the economy of many countries.

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

(i) Economic Activities: Urban settlements are hubs for a diverse range of economic activities such as commerce, finance, industry, and services. They provide a wide range of jobs, attracting people from rural areas.
(ii) Cultural Exchange: Urban areas also serve as centers for cultural exchange, education, and innovation. They house a variety of institutions such as schools, universities, museums, and theaters, promoting diversity and development of the arts and sciences.

(b)
CHOOSE ONLY FOUR(4) OF YOUR CHOICE

(I) Economic Opportunities: Cities offer more job opportunities with better wages. The promise of economic growth and upward mobility can induce urban to urban migration.

(ii) Education: The presence of prestigious educational institutions in some cities often attracts people for better educational opportunities.

(iii) Better Services: Larger or more developed cities generally have better public services such as healthcare, education, and transportation.

(iv) Lifestyle Changes: The allure of a more exciting lifestyle with cultural, entertainment, and recreational facilities can lead to migration.

(v) Housing: Cities with more affordable or better housing options can attract people from other urban areas.

(vi) Family Reasons: People may migrate to be closer to family or due to marital changes.

(vii) Social Networks: People often move to cities where they have existing social connections, which can provide support and help in finding jobs.

(viii) Environment: Some people migrate due to environmental conditions such as pollution or climate; cities with better environmental conditions can be attractive.

(c)
CHOOSE ANY FOUR(4) OF YOUR CHOICE

(I) Population Increase: Migration leads to an increase in the population of the destination region.

(ii) Economic Growth: Newcomers contribute to the economy, increasing demand for goods and services, and also contributing to the labor force.

(iii) Social Diversity: Migrants often bring with them their own cultural traditions, leading to greater cultural diversity.

(iv) Pressure on Infrastructure: Increased population can lead to pressure on existing infrastructure, including housing, transportation, and public services.

(v) Urban Sprawl: Migration can lead to physical expansion of urban areas, sometimes leading to environmental concerns.

(vi) Change in Demographic Structure: The age and gender composition of the population can change depending on the nature of the migration.

(vii) Increased Demand for Social Services: More people mean greater demand for social services like healthcare and education.

(viii) Potential for Social Conflict: If not well managed, increased diversity and competition for resources can lead to social tensions.

(2a)

HUMAN FACTORS

(I) Infrastructure: Well-developed infrastructure such as transportation, hotels, and restaurants facilitate tourism. A city with a well-organized and efficient public transportation system, adequate accommodation facilities, and a good network of roads tends to attract more tourists.

(ii) Safety and Stability: The political and social stability of a destination is a key factor in promoting tourism. Tourists generally prefer to visit places where there is a lower risk of crime, violence, or political instability.

PHYSICAL FACTORS(I) Natural Attractions: Physical features such as beaches, mountains, waterfalls, wildlife, and natural parks can significantly promote tourism. These features often become iconic symbols of a destination, drawing in large numbers of tourists.

(ii) Climate: The climate of a destination plays a crucial role in promoting tourism. People often choose destinations with desirable climates. For example, some people escape colder climates by visiting tropical destinations.

(b)
CHOOSE ANY FOUR (4) OF YOUR CHOICE

(I) Environmental Degradation: High numbers of tourists can cause a strain on the natural resources leading to pollution, habitat destruction, and strain on water resources.

(ii) Cultural Erosion: Over-tourism can lead to a loss of local culture and traditions.

(iii) Overcrowding: High levels of tourism can lead to overcrowding, causing discomfort for both tourists and locals.

(iv) Increased Cost of Living: Inflated prices due to tourism can affect local communities by increasing the cost of living.

(v) Economic Dependence: Heavy reliance on tourism as an economic source can lead to a risky economic situation.

(vi) Increase in Crime: Tourism can sometimes lead to an increase in crime rates, particularly petty crimes such as theft and pickpocketing.

(vii) Seasonal Unemployment: Jobs related to tourism are often seasonal, leading to periods of unemployment for workers.

(viii) Cultural Misunderstandings: Interaction between tourists and locals can sometimes lead to cultural misunderstandings or conflicts.

(c)
CHOOSE ANY FOUR (4) OF YOUR CHOICE

(I) Improve Infrastructure: Enhancing the local infrastructure such as roads, transportation, hotels, etc. makes a destination more accessible and comfortable for tourists.

(ii) Promote Local Culture: Showcasing the local culture, traditions, and history can attract tourists interested in cultural tourism.

(iii) Improve Safety: Ensuring the safety and security of tourists can make a destination more appealing.

(iv) Develop Eco-Tourism: Promoting environmentally-friendly tourism practices can attract a growing number of eco-conscious tourists.

(v) Marketing and Promotion: Effective marketing and promotional campaigns can raise awareness about the destination and its attractions.

(vi) Encourage Local Involvement: Involving local communities in tourism development can create a more authentic experience for tourists.

(vii) Improve Tourist Services: Providing high-quality services such as information centers, guided tours, etc. can enhance the tourist experience.

(viii) Develop and Protect Attractions: Creating new attractions and preserving existing ones can continue to draw tourists.

(3a) Industrialization refers to the process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods. Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production, and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines.

(bi)
CHOOSE ANY FOUR(4) OF YOUR CHOICE

(I) Availability of raw materials: Industries that process and refine raw materials, like steel, need to be close to their source.

(ii) Availability of labor: The workforce is crucial to any industry. Regions with a large pool of skilled workers attract more industries.

(iii) Proximity to markets: To minimize transportation costs, industries often set up near their main markets.

(iv) Infrastructure: Good road, rail, and port facilities can influence the location of an industry.

(v) Government policy: The government can attract industries to specific areas through incentives like tax breaks and grants.

(vi) Land and capital: The availability and cost of land and capital can greatly influence where an industry is located.

(vii) Access to energy: Industries, especially heavy industries, require a lot of power. Locations with abundant energy sources are more attractive.

(viii) Environmental considerations: Locations that allow for sustainable operations while causing minimal harm to the environment are preferred

(bii)
CHOOSE ANY TWO(2) OF YOUR CHOICE

(I) Lack of infrastructure: Many parts of Africa lack the necessary physical infrastructure (like roads and power supply) for industries to thrive.

(ii) Political instability: Frequent political changes, corruption, and conflicts can deter investment and disrupt industrial development.

(iii) Limited access to capital: Difficulty in accessing finance for startup and expansion is a significant issue.

(iv) Skill deficit: There’s often a lack of skilled labor needed for various industrial processes.

(biii)
CHOOSE ANY FOUR(4) OF YOUR CHOICE

(I) Improve infrastructure: Governments can prioritize building necessary infrastructure to support industrial development.

(ii) Foster political stability: Reducing corruption and ensuring political stability can make a region more attractive to investors.

(iii) Increase access to finance: Governments and financial institutions can provide more and better financing options for industrial enterprises.

(iv) Improve education and training: By investing in education and vocational training, countries can ensure they have a workforce ready for industrial jobs.

SECTION B

ANSWER ONLY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

(4a)

(I) Relief: The Sokoto Plains, in Northwestern Nigeria, are part of the larger Sudan savanna region. The terrain of the plains is generally flat with occasional inselbergs (isolated hills or mountains) rising abruptly from the plains. There are also low-lying areas which can become seasonally flooded. The relief supports predominantly agricultural activities, especially growing of grains, cotton and groundnuts.

(ii) Climate: Sokoto Plains have a tropical savanna climate. This is characterized by a marked wet and dry season. The rainy season lasts from May to September, with an annual average rainfall of 500 to 900 mm. The dry season extends from October to April, with high temperatures that can exceed 40 degrees Celsius.

(iii) Vegetation: The vegetation of Sokoto Plains is dominated by Sudan savanna. This consists of grasses and scattered trees, such as acacia, baobab, and shea butter trees. This type of vegetation is adapted to the region’s distinct wet and dry seasons.

(b)

(1) MANGROVE SWAMP FOREST: This vegetation zone is characterized by:

CHOOSE ANY TWO(2)

(i) Predominance of salt-tolerant mangrove trees.

(ii) It is mostly found in coastal areas, estuaries and lagoons.

(iii) The roots of the mangrove trees often form complex tangles, offering protection for a variety of species.

(iv) Due to the brackish water conditions, it supports unique ecosystems with a high degree of biodiversity.

(2) RAINFOREST VEGETATION: This zone is characterized by:

CHOOSE ANY TWO(2)

(i) Multi-layered vegetation with tall trees forming a dense canopy.

(ii) High rainfall year-round, usually more than 2000mm per year.

(iii) Rich in biodiversity, with a high number of species per area.

(iv) Presence of many epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants) and lianas (long-stemmed, woody vines).

(3) SUDAN SAVANNA: The key features of this zone are:

CHOOSE ANY TWO(2)

(i) Dominated by grasses and scattered trees, which are usually drought-resistant.

(ii) It has a wet and dry season, with a dry period that lasts longer than the wet season.

(iii) Fire is a common occurrence, especially during the dry season.

(iv) Wildlife is adapted to the conditions, with many species exhibiting migration patterns according to the seasons.

(c)
(I) Borno State

(ii) Sokoto State

(5)

(I) Land Tenure System:
The land tenure system in Nigeria, particularly in the rural areas where most of the farming takes place, can be a major hindrance to agricultural development. Traditional land ownership patterns often prevent the optimal use of the land. Since the land is communally owned, individual farmers may not have the rights or incentives to make long-term improvements, like implementing irrigation or planting trees.

Furthermore, the complexities of the system can deter investors and make it difficult for farmers to use their land as collateral for loans, thereby limiting their access to credit.

(II) Pests and Diseases:

Nigeria’s agriculture is significantly affected by pests and diseases, which can drastically reduce yield and quality of crops and livestock. Farmers often lack knowledge and resources to implement effective pest and disease management strategies. Some pests, such as the Fall Armyworm, are highly invasive and can devastate entire crop fields. Diseases like Cassava Mosaic Disease also pose a severe threat to food security in the country. The lack of access to quality, disease-resistant seedlings and the inability to afford pesticides further exacerbates these problems. Additionally, climate change effects can increase the prevalence and spread of certain pests and diseases, posing more challenges to agricultural development.

(6a)
(I) Trade Enhancement: International cooperation can lead to the reduction or elimination of trade barriers, thus facilitating the free movement of goods and services, and increasing trade volume among states.

(ii) Resource Sharing: It enables sharing of resources and expertise. Countries with surplus resources can share with others in need, promoting economic balance and stability.

(iii) Economic Integration: It leads to economic integration, with harmonized policies leading to stronger and more robust regional economies, capable of competing on a global scale.

(iv) Infrastructure Development: Cooperation can facilitate shared infrastructural projects like roads, railways, and ports, which would benefit all involved nations economically.

(v) Market Expansion: Cooperation can lead to the expansion of markets as goods and services can be sold across borders, thereby increasing the potential consumer base for businesses.

(vi) Investment Opportunities: International cooperation can attract foreign direct investments (FDI), as it creates a more favorable and secure investment climate.

(6b)
CHOOSE ANY FOUR(4)

(I) Political Instability: Frequent changes in government, conflicts, and unrest in some West African states pose challenges to cooperation.

(ii) Economic Disparities: Significant differences in economic development and capacity among states can lead to imbalances in benefits derived from cooperation.

(iii) Poor Infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructural facilities can hamper effective cooperation.

(iv) Trade Barriers: High tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and customs issues can hinder free trade among states.

(v) Language Barrier: The different official languages can be a barrier to effective communication and cooperation.

(vi) Corruption and Poor Governance: High levels of corruption and poor governance in some states can hinder effective cooperation.

(vii) Policy Inconsistencies: Frequent changes in policies and regulations can undermine long-term projects and cooperation.

(viii) Limited Technological Capacity: Differences in technological advancement levels can hamper effective collaboration and the sharing of digital resources.

(6c)
CHOOSE ONLY TWO(2)

(I) Strengthening Political Stability: Efforts should be made to promote democracy, good governance, and peace in all West African states. This could involve conflict resolution mechanisms and strengthening regional security structures.

(ii) Enhancing Economic Convergence: Implementing policies aimed at reducing economic disparities, like investment in poorer countries and provision of financial support, can ensure mutual benefits.

(iii) Improving Infrastructure: There should be a concerted effort to develop physical and digital infrastructure to facilitate trade and other forms of cooperation.

(iv) Strengthening Institutions: To tackle corruption and improve governance, institutions need to be strengthened, with transparency and accountability being emphasized.

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